ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯹꯹% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯀꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ꯫

99% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ (Al2O3) ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔ-ꯅꯥ 99% Al2O3 ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟꯇꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ (ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ SiO2, Fe2O3, Na2O, CaOꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ 1%ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ 1%ꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ) ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯄꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯔꯤꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ-ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ-ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, 90–95% Al2O3)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ...ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯃꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯔꯦꯟꯁ꯫, ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯦꯜ/ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯥ꯫, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯇꯨꯅꯦꯕꯜ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯃꯥꯟꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ, ꯑꯦꯅꯚꯥꯏꯔꯅꯃꯦꯟꯇ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ:

1. ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ: ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯄꯣꯏꯖꯟ & ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯥ꯫

꯹꯹% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯂꯠꯔꯥ-ꯂꯣ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟꯇꯅꯤ꯫ ꯂꯣ-ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, Na+, Fe3+, SiO2, Ca2+)ꯅꯥ "ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯄꯣꯏꯖꯟ" ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯄꯤ-ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯏ:

ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯗꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯦꯁꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫: ꯑꯂꯀꯥꯂꯤ/ꯑꯦꯂꯀꯥꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯥꯔꯊ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ (Na2O, CaO) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯀꯟꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯁꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡ (ꯂꯨꯏꯁ/ꯕ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯗ ꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡ) ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯠꯔꯤꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯙꯥꯇꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, Pt, Pd, Mo) ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ-ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯥꯏꯁꯣꯃꯦꯔꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ, ꯑꯦꯂꯀꯥꯏꯂꯦꯁꯟ) ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯙꯥꯇꯨ-ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯅꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯂꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ꯫: ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ (Fe2O3) ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ, ꯇꯥꯔꯒꯦꯠ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ) ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯣꯠ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, Co-Mo, Pt) ꯈꯛꯇꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯒꯔꯦꯟꯇꯤ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫

ꯁꯂꯐꯔ/ꯍꯦꯂꯣꯖꯦꯟ ꯄꯣꯏꯖꯟ (halogen poisoning) ꯊꯤꯡꯏ꯫: SiO2ꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯂꯐꯔ (ꯄꯦꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯐꯤꯗꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ) ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯦꯂꯣꯖꯦꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ (ꯑꯥꯏꯁꯣꯃꯦꯔꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ) ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ. 99% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯨꯡꯗꯣꯛꯠꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯑꯣ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯨꯞꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯈꯨꯗꯝ: ꯑꯂꯠꯔꯥ-ꯂꯣ ꯁꯂꯐꯔ ꯗꯤꯖꯦꯜ (ULSD) ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗꯥ, ꯹꯹% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ Co-Mo/Al2O3 ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ MoS2 ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ Na+-ꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯠꯔꯤꯂꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯗꯤꯁꯂꯐꯔꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ (HDS) ꯏꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫

2. ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯕꯥ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ: ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ꯫

High purity directly improves alumina's thermal stability, a critical factor for reactions operating at elevated temperatures (e.g., >꯶꯰꯰ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ : .

ꯁꯤꯟꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯦꯖ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ꯫: ꯂꯣ-ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ "ꯐ꯭ꯂꯛꯁ" (ꯃꯦꯜꯇꯤꯡ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯥ) ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯐꯦꯖ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯀꯄꯥ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, -Al2O3 → -Al2O3) ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯁꯤꯟꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ (ꯄꯣꯔ ꯀꯣꯂꯥꯄꯁ, ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯥ). 99% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, -ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ Al2O3, ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ -Al2O3) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯔꯣꯝ ꯃꯣꯔꯐꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ 1000–1200 ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ .

ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯁꯥꯏꯛꯂꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫: ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯣꯇꯤꯕ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯤ-ꯋꯦ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ (TWCs) ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯨ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯁ DeNO2ꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯛ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯔꯇꯑꯞ/ꯁꯇꯗꯥꯎꯟ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯨꯛꯇꯦꯁꯟ) ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯩ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯅꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯈꯨꯗꯝ: -Al2O3 (99% ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯃꯣꯅꯤꯌꯥ ꯁꯤꯟꯊꯦꯁꯤꯁ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ (400–500 ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ , 100–200 ꯕꯥꯔꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ) ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯚꯤꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯐ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ-ꯄꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

3. ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ: ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫

ꯂꯣ-ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗꯤꯇꯤ, ꯄꯣꯔꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ-ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ-꯹꯹% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯒꯨꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯨꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ:

ꯇꯦꯜꯂꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗꯤꯇꯤ꯫: ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ-ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯙꯥꯇꯨꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯣꯗꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯄꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯨꯂꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯏꯟꯇꯦꯟꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯃꯣꯗꯤꯐꯥꯏꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯥꯏꯁꯣꯃꯦꯔꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ Cl−, ꯕꯦꯁꯤꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ La2O3)ꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯗꯣꯄꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯇꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ꯫

ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯄꯣꯔꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯛ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ꯫: ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ-ꯗꯤꯐꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ (ꯃꯦꯁꯣꯄꯣꯔꯁ ꯲–꯵꯰ ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯑꯦꯝ.) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥꯁꯤꯡ (꯱꯰꯰–꯳꯰꯰ ꯑꯦꯝ.꯲/ꯖꯤ.)ꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯟꯊꯦꯁꯤꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯇꯂꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯄꯤ.ꯇꯤ. ꯅꯦꯅꯣꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯂꯁꯤꯡ)ꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯗꯤꯁꯄꯥꯔꯁꯟ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫<5 nm) and efficient mass transfer-key for reactions with large reactant molecules (e.g., heavy oil hydrocracking).

ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯙꯥꯇꯨ-ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯦꯛꯁꯟ (ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯥꯏ.): ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, Pt/Al2O3, Pd/Al2O3)ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯁꯨꯡꯗꯣꯛꯠꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯙꯥꯇꯨꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯂꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯟꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯣꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯜ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯐꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤ=ꯑꯣ ꯕꯣꯟꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯤ=ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯐꯦꯔꯦꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯅꯦꯁꯟ)꯫

ꯈꯨꯗꯝ: ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯥꯁ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯟꯊꯦꯁꯤꯁꯇꯥ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯅꯥꯏꯠꯔꯣꯕꯦꯟꯖꯤꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯅꯤꯂꯤꯅꯗꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ), Pd/99% -Al2O3 ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ 99% ꯈꯅꯒꯠꯄꯥ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ Pd ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ 2–3 nm ꯀ꯭ꯂꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯚꯔ-ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯒꯦꯁꯟ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ꯫

4. ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯡꯊ: ꯍꯥꯔꯁ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯌꯗꯕꯥ꯫

ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ-꯹꯹% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏ:

ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯁ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ꯫: Fixed-bed reactors (e.g., petrochemical hydrotreating) require catalyst carriers to withstand high bed pressures (10–100 bar) without breaking. High-purity alumina extrudates or spheres have a crush strength >20 N/mm, ꯃꯩꯁꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯒ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯑꯦꯕꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ꯫: ꯐ꯭ꯂꯨꯏꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ-ꯕꯦꯗ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯦꯟ ꯗꯤꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯅꯦꯁꯟ)ꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯁꯟ. 99% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯠꯄꯥ, ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯈꯨꯗꯝ: ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯂꯒꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯨꯏꯗ-ꯕꯦꯗ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯁꯤ.ꯁꯤ.)ꯗꯥ, ꯹꯹% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ-ꯃꯣꯗꯤꯐꯥꯏꯗ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯣ-ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯜꯇꯔꯅꯦꯇꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯕꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯳꯰–꯴꯰% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

5. ꯀꯟꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯕꯦꯆ-ꯇꯨ-ꯕꯦꯆ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ: ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯂꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ꯫

ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯗꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ-꯹꯹% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯂꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯛꯁꯟ ꯕꯦꯆꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ:

ꯂꯣ-ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯔꯣ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯔꯁ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡ ꯕꯦꯆꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, HDS ꯏꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤꯗꯥ 10–15%ꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ) ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯧꯏ (<0.1% total impurities), ensuring that catalysts perform identically across batches.

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯂꯕꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ-ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯒꯦꯁꯣꯂꯤꯟ ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ, ꯇꯤ.ꯗꯕꯜꯌꯨ.ꯁꯤ.

6. ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯑꯦꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯀꯣꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ꯫

꯹꯹% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯨꯂꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯐꯩ:

ꯕꯥꯏꯃꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯛ/ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯃꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯛ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ꯫: ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯙꯥꯇꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯦꯟ ꯗꯤꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯅꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ Pt-Sn/Al2O3), ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯁꯨꯡꯗꯣꯛꯠꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯑꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯙꯥꯇꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, Sn) ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯏ-ꯑꯉꯥꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯟꯗꯦ꯫

ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯖꯤꯠ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯇꯁꯤꯡ꯫: ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯁꯤ.ꯑꯥꯔ.ꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯇꯤ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯣ.꯲, ꯇꯤ.ꯗꯕ꯭ꯜꯌꯨ.ꯁꯤ.ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ) ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯹꯹% ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯏ-ꯑꯉꯥꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯖꯤꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯟꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯖꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯐꯉ꯭ꯀꯁꯅꯦꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫

ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯛ/ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ꯫: ꯊꯣꯔꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯄꯤ.ꯏ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯒꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯌꯨꯑꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯐꯠꯇ-ꯍꯧꯗꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ), ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯄꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯏ-ꯑꯉꯥꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯟ/ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯐꯔ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯀꯤ ꯏꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫